Sudan an independent Darfur is established in 1445 by the Kayra Fur dynasty.
Darfur is occupied by Egypt in 1873, but is annexed to the state of the Mahdiya from 1889 until 1898.
The Anglo-Egyptian rulers of Sudan extinguish the separate state in 1916.
Nowadays Darfur is part of independent Sudan.
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| #9Dodecanesos
| The Ottoman Empire acquires in 1522 the Greek populated Dodecanesos Islands.
In 1912 Italy occupies the archipelago and in 1915 Italian sovereignty is recognized by the allied powers, followed by the Ottoman Empire in 1920.
In 1943 Germany occupies the islands.
After the defeat of Germany in World War I the island are administered by the United Kingdom (in 1945), followed by Greek administration in 1947.
In 1948 the Dodecanesos is incorporated into Greece, of which it is nowadays still part.
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|
| #9East Turkestan
| From 1933 until 1934 East Turkestan temporarely secedes from China as the Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan.
This seccesion is not recognized.
From 1944 until 1946 East Turkestan again temporarely secedes from China, now as the East Turkestan Republic.
This seccesion is not recognized.
Nowadays East Turkestan is as Sinkian Uyghur part of China.
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|
| #9Eric the Red's Land
| In 1932 Norway annexes the eastern part of Greenland and names it Eric the Red's Land.
In 1933 the International Court rules in favour of Denmark; Norway withdraws.
Nowadays the area is still part of Greenland.
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|
| #9Far Eastern Republic
| In 1920 the Far Eastern Republic secedes from Russia.
Aleksandr Michailoviž Krasnošžekov of the Rossijskaia Social-Demokratižeskaja Rabožaja Partija-Bol'ševiki [Russian Social Democratic Labour Party-Bolshevists, RSDLP) becomes the first president and he is succeeded in 1921 by Nikolaj Michailoviž Matvejev. In 1922 the republic is re-incorporated into Russia.
From that moment on it shares history with Russia and nowadays it is still part of taht country.
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|
| #9Fezzan
|
The coast of what is now Libya is settled by Greeks and Phoenicians starting from 1000 BC.
The area becomes part of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century BC.
The Vandals conquer Libya in 431, followed by the Byzantians in 533 and the Arabs in 643.
The south west part, Fezzan, is conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1544.
Italy conquers and annexes Fezzan in 1911 (formally in 1919).
Cyrenaica and Tripolitania are united with Fezzan in 1934 in the Colony of Libya.
After the defeat of Italian and German troops in North Africa in 1943, Fezzan is conquered by French troops.
Libya is brought under United Nations administration in 1946.
Fezzan becomes a part of United Libya in 1951, of which it is still part.
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|
| #9Fiume
| Fiume, the main port of Hungary, becomes after the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I in 1918 a city under supervision of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
In 1920 the city becomes under Gabriele D'Annunzio independent as the Independent State of Fiume and in 1924 it is incorporated into Italy.
After the defeat of Italy in World War II Fiume becomes part of Yugoslavia in 1947.
Nowadays Fiume is under the name Rijeka part of Croatia.
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|
| #9French Equatorial Africa
| In 1886 French Congo (Middle Congo and Gabon)
In 1910 Middle Congo, Gabon, Oubangui-Chari (now Central African Republic), and Chad form French Equatorial Africa (AEF).
In 1958 autonomy.
In 1960 independence (Republic of the Congo).
In 1970 People's Republic of the Congo.
In 1992 Republic of the Congo.
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|
| #9French India
| Since 1674 France settles at the coast of what is now India.
The French possesions, under British occupattion between 1760 and 1765, 1778 and 1783 and between 1793 and 1816, are generally know as French India.
In 1950 Chandernagor transferred to India, followed in 1954 by Pondicherry.
This is the de facto end of French India, followed in 1962 by the de jure transfer. The former colony is nowadays still part of India.
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| #9French West Africa
| In 1895 part of French West Africa (Dahomey, French Guinea, French Sudan, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Upper Volta)
In 1946 French overseas territory.
In 1958 dissolution.
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|
| #9Futuna
| In 1887 the two Futuna kingdoms - Tu`a (also styled Alo) and Sigave - become French protectorates and are as Futuna incorporated into New Caledonia in 1888; royalty continues.
Futuna joins `Uvea (Wallis) in 1959 in becoming the French Overseas Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands, of which it is nowadays still part.
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|
| #9Germany (German Democratic Republic)
| In the USSR occupation zone of Germany, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is established in 1949.
The GDR is a communist dictatorship, lead by the Communist Party of Germany, later renamed Socialist Unity Party of Germany.
The real power is in the hands of the party leader, until 1950 Wilhelm Pieck, between 1950 and 1971 Walter Ulbricht and since 1971 Erich Honecker. Nor the presidents nor the prime ministers have any real power since they are subordinate to the party leader. Since 1976 Honecker is also president.
In 1989 during the collapse of the communist dictatorship Honecker is succeeded by Egon Krenz. The leading role of the SED is abolished in 1989 and the GDR becomes a parliamentary democracy.
Hans Modrow becomes prime minister for an interim period and in 1990 he is succeeded by Lothar de Maizière of the Christlich-Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Union).
Later that year the GDR joins the Federal Republic of Germany, of which it nowadays is the eastern part.
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|
| #9Gilan
| In the north of Iran an independent Soviet Republic of Gilan secedes from Iran in 1920. President is Ihsan Allah Khan of the Jangal Movement. Gilan is retaken by Iran in 1921.
Nowadays Gilan is still part of Iran.
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|
| #9Gilbert and Ellice Islands
|
Since 1877 the Gilbert and Ellice Islands are under administration of the British Western Pacific High Commission.
The islands become in 1892 the British protectorate of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, a colony since 1916.
Between 1941 and 1943 the islands are occupied by Japan.
The colony is divided in 1975 into the Gilbert Islands and the Ellice Islands
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|
| #9Hatay
| In 1938 the Sanjak of Alexandretta is separated from Syria as the State of Hatay. In 1939 Hatay is incorporated into Turkey, of which it nowadays is still part.
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|
| #9Hejaz
| In the area that is now Saudi Arabia Mohammed founds the islam () in 622.
The first islam () state is Hejaz.
Between 632 and 661 Hejaz is the basis of an Arab state, including large parts of North Africa and the Middle East.
In 661 Hejaz is as dominant Arab state succeeded by the Caliphate of Damascus and since 1517 it is part of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1916 the Hejazi Kingdom secedes from the Ottoman Empire and becomes independent.
Hejaz is conquered by Nejd in 1925 and a personal union between both kingdoms is formed.
In 1930 Asir is incorporated into Hejaz.
Nejd and Hejaz merge formally in 1932 into Saudi Arabia, of which it nowadays is still part.
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|
| #9Ifni
| In 1860 Morocco cedes Ifni to Spain.
Ifni becomes part of Spanish West Africa in 1946.
In 1958 Ifni is separated from Spanish West Africa to form the separate Spanish overseas province of Ifni.
Since 1961 Morocco claims the sovereignity over Ifni and in 1969 the territory is returned to Morocco.
Nowadays Ifni is still part of Morocco.
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|
| Indochina
| Former name of Vietnam, also including Cambodia and Laos.
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|
| #9Italian East Africa
| When Italy conquers Ethiopia in 1936, it unites Ethiopia with Italian Somalia and Eritea in Italian East Africa, a federation of six provinces.
In 1941 the last Italian administrators surrender and Italian East Africa is dissolved.
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|
| #9Jammu and Kashmir
| In Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary) antiquity; State of Jammu established in early Middle Ages
In 1589 Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
In 1752 Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom.
In 1816 Jammu annexed to the Punjab.
In 1819 Kashmir annexed to the Punjab.
In 1822 independence of Jammu restored.
In 1846 U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu, thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
In 1947 the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of the state to India.
In 1957td>the incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is declared to be complete
####
Nowadays the state is still divided between India and Pakistan.
More info:
Wikipedia World Statesmen
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|
| #9Jebel Druze
|
In autonomous
In 1936 incorporated into Syria.
Nowadays it is still part of Syria.
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|
| #9Jebel Shammar
| The Emirate of Jebel Shammar is one of the Arab states.
In 1902 Nejd secedes from Jebel Shammar and becomes independent.
In 1921 Jebel Shammar is incorporated into Nejd.
Nowadays it is part of Saudi Arabia.
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|
| #9Johor
| The state of Malacca becomes in the fourtheenth century the leading sultanate in Present-day Malaysia.
Some time after the annexation of Malacca is by Portugal in 1511, the sultanate moves to Johore in 1528 and is renamed Johor.
In 1885 Johor becomes a British protectorate. From that moment on Johor has a chief minister as well as a British resident, named General Advisor since 1911. Japan occupies Johor from 1942 until 1945.
Johor merges in 1946 with Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Trengganu with Malaya and parts of Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) into the Federation of Malaya.
Nowadays Johor is part of Malaysia.
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|
| #9Katanga
| In 1960 Katanga secedes from Congo(-Leopoldville).
This seccesion is not recognized and in 1963 Katanga is re-incorporated into Congo.
Nowadays Katanga is part of Congo(-Kinshasa).
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|
| #9Kedah
| The State of Kedah is established in 1136.
Between 1821 and 1843 Kedah is part of Thailand and since 1843 it is a Thai protectorate. In 1909 Britian establishes a protectorate over Kedah.
During World War II, between 1943 and 1945, Kedah is annexed by Thailand.
Kedah merges in 1946 with Johor, Kelantan, Perlis and Trengganu merge with Malaya and parts of Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) into the Federation of Malaya.
Nowadays Kedah is part of Malaysia.
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|
| #9Kelantan
| Before 1465 the State of Kelantan is established.
Kelantan becomes a Thai protectorate in 1843 and a British protectorate in 1909.
During World War II, between 1943 and 1945, Kelantan is annexed by Thailand.
In 1946 Kelantan merges with Johor, Kedah, Perlis and Trengganu merge with Malaya and parts of Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) into the Federation of Malaya.
Nowadays Kelantan is part of Malaysia.
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|
| #9Khorazm
| Though between the eight and sixth century BC in present-day Uzbekistan a state of Khorazm exists, it lasts until 1360 that Khorazm regains independence. In 1370 the area becomes part of the Timurid Empire. Turkish tribes found in 1400 the Uzbekian Khanate.
This khanate is divided in 1598 in Bukhara and the Khanate, later Emirate, of Khiva.
Somewhere between 1865 and 1876 Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate.
In 1920 Khiva becomes a communist state as the Khorazm People's Republic.
In 1924 Khorazm unites with Bukhara and Uzbek regions in Russia into Uzbekistan, that becomes a seperate member of the USSR.
Nowadays Khorazm is still part of Uzbekistan.
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|
| #9Kiaochow
| Germany occupies the city of Kiaochow in 1897 and leases it from China for 99 years.
In 1914 the city is taken by Japan and in 1922 it is returned to China, of which it is nowadays still part.
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|
| #9Krajina
|
When Croatia secedes from Yugoslavia in 1991, in Serb populated areas the independente Serb Republic of Krajina is proclaimed.
The area is retaken by Croatia in 1995-1997.
Nowadays it is part of Croatia.
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|
| #9Kurdistan
| In 1992 a Kurdistan Regional Government under international protection, not recognized by Iraq, is formed. Kurdistan becomes a parliamentary democracy, dominated by the Partiya Demokrata Kurdistane (Democratic Party of Kurdistan, PDK) and the Yekiti Nistimani Kurdistan (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, YNK). In 1996 Iraq takes control of the capital Arbil to support the PDK.
Since that moment Kurdistan has two opposing governments. After the invasion of Iraq by the United States and the United Kingdom, both governments join the Iraqi transition government. Therefore the data on Kurdistan can be found under Iraq.
More info:
Wikipedia World Statesmen
- Political resources
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|
| #9Kwangchowan
| France leases the city of Kwangchowan from China in 1898.
After the Japanese occupation of the city between 1943 and 1945, Kwangchowan is returned to China in 1945.
Nowadays it is part of China.
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|
| #9Kwantung
| Japan leases the city of Kwantung from China in 1905.
After the Japanese defeat in 1945 Kwantung is returned to China in 1945.
Nowadays it is part of China.
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|
| #9Latakia
| France separates in 1920 the Alawite Territory (Alawia) from Syria.
Two years later, in 1922, Alawia is united with Damascus and Aleppo in the Union of Syrian States.
This lasts for only three years, and in 1925 Alawia is separated from Syria again as the Alawite State.
In 1930 the country is renamed State of Latakia.
Latakia is re-incorporated in 1936 into Syria, of which it nowadays is still part.
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|
| Leeward Islands
| In 1833 the British dependencies in the northern carribean (Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Dominica (until 1940), Montserrat and Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) are united into the Leeward Islands.
The islands are restyled Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands in 1877 and Territory of the Leeward Islands in 1956.
The Leeward Islands join in 1958 the British West Indies and are formally dissolved in 1960, the member territories remain part of the British West Indies.
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|
| #9Lithuania-Belorussia
|
In 1919 the Soviet controlled areas of Lithuania and Belorussia merge into the Lithuanian-Belorussian Socialist Soviet Republic.
Later that year Poland and Russia fight a war in Belorussia, as a result of which the Lithuanian-Belorussian SSR collapses in 1920. See further Lithuania and Belarus.
Nowadays it is part of both Lithuania and Belarus.
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|
| #9Mali Federation
| The French autonomous republics of Sudan and Senegal form in 1959 the Mali Federation. The Sudanese prime minister Modibo Keita of the Union Soudanaise/Rassemblement Democratique Africain (Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally, US/RDA) becomes chief of state.
The federation becomes independent in 1960, but in the same year Senegal withdraws from the federation.
Subsequently Sudan is renamed Mali.
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|
| #9Manchukuo
| In 1897 Russia establishes a protecorate over Manchuria, part of China. This is followed by an occupation in 1900 by Russia. After the Japanese Russian War of 1905 the southern part is occupied by Japan. In 1916 Manchuria comes under warlord control and in 1928 Manchuria is formally reunited with China.
After the Japanese invasion of China in 1931, Japan secedes Manchukuo in 1932 from China and establish the Great Manchu State, renamed in 1934 Great Manchu Empire.
Pu-yi, the former emperor of China becomes chief executive and in 1934 emperor of Manchukuo. The first prime minister is Zheng Xiaoxu, who is succeeded in 1935 by Zhang Jinghui.
After the Japanese defeat in 1945 Manchukuo is reincorporated into China, of which it nowadays is the north eastern part known as Manchuria.
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| #9Memel
| In 1920 the Treaty of Versailles goes into effect; the Memel Territory is detached from Germany and put under the administration of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers (through the Conference of Ambassadors).
In 1923 Lithuanian "irregulars" invade and occupy the territory and set up an alternative government.
Later that year the territory is brought under sovereignty of Lithuania. In 1924 the area becomes an autonomous region of Lithuania with a Lithuanian governor and a German president of the directory.
The main parties are the centrist Memelländische Landwirtschaftspartei (Memel Territory Farmers' Party), the German nationalist Memelländische Volkspartei (Memel Territory People's Party), the social democratic Sozialdemokratische Partei des Memelgebietes (Social-Democratic Party of Memel Region), the communist Arbeiterpartei (Workers' Party), the Litauische Autonomisten-Litauische Volkspartei (Lithuanian Autonomists-Lithuanian People's Party) and since 1935 the Deutsche Einheitsliste (German Unity List).
In 1939 Lithuania has to cede Memel to Germany.
In 1945 the Soviet Union conquers Memel and adjust the city in 1948 to Lithuania. From that moment on Memel shares history with Lithuania.
Nowadays it is as Klaipeda still part of Lithuania.
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|
| #9Montenegro
|
Present-day Montenegro is since .... part of the Roman Empire and it becomes in 379 part of the East Roman. Montenegro becomes a de facto independent state in 1516, renamed Principality of Montenegro in 1852 and Kingdom of Montenegro in 1910. After the collapse of the Habsburgian rule, Montenegro joins Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia into the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. It shares the history with Yugoslavia, but during World War II it is becomes a Italian puppet state between 1941 and 1943 and it is occupied by Germany between 1943 and 1944.
Nowadays it is part of Serbia and Montenegro.
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|
| #9Moresnet
| In 1816 the small area of Moresnet becomes a condominium of the Netherlands and the German state of Prussia.
After the seccesion of Belgium from the Netherlands in 1831, Belgium takes over the position of the Netherlands.
In 1870 Germany takes over the position of Prussia.
During World War I, between 1915 and 1918 Moresnet is occupied by Germany, followed by a Belgian occupation between 1918 and 1920.
In 1920 Moresnet is incorporated into Belgium, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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|
| #9Newfoundland
| In 1497 England claims the area and establishes in 1583 the colony of Newfoundland.
The colony becomes a dominion in 1855, which leads to selfgovernment with parliamentary structures. In 1869 it refuses in a referendum to join Canada. The party system is dominated by the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.
Since 1900 Newfoundland has a liberal government, led by Robert Bond. He is defeated in 1908 by Edward Patrick Morris of the personalist People's Party (PP). In 1918 the liberals regain the premiership with William Frederick Lloyd. The new PP leader Michael Patrick Cashin becomes prime minister in 1919. Later that year Richard Anderson Squires becomes prime minister on behalf of the Liberal Reform Party (LRP). After corruption accusations he is succeeded by William Robertson Warren of the LRP. He is defeated by Walter Stanley Monroe of the Liberal Conservative Party. He is succeeded in 1928 by Frederick Charles Alderdice. Alderdice looses the elections of 1928 and Squires regains the premiership. Squires is defeated in the 1923 elections and Alderdice, now leader of the United Newfoundland Party becomes prime minister.
Malgovernment leads in 1934 to direct British supervision in the dominion on the request of Alderdice.
In 1949 Newfoundland is incorporated into Canada, of which it is nowadays as Newfoundland and Labrador still part.
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|
| #9New Guinea
|
In 1884 Germany formally annexes the northeast quarter of New Guinea and put its administration in the hands of a chartered company. In 1899 the German imperial government assume direct control of the territory, thereafter known as German New Guinea. In 1914, Australian troops occupy German New Guinea and it remains under Australian military control until 1921. The British Government, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia, assumes a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the Territory of New Guinea in 1920. The pacific islands belonging to German New Guinea become a separate Japanese League of Nations mandate of the Pacific Islands. Australia administers the mandate together with Papua as one entity. It is administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in december 1941 brings about the suspension of Australian civil administration. Following the surrender of the Japanese in 1945, civil administration of Papua as well as New Guinea is restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act, 1945-46, Papua and New Guinea are combined in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. New Guinea becomes formally a United Nations Trust Territory in 1949. Nowadays it is part of Papua New Guinea.
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| #9North Solomons
| Rebels at the island of Bougainville secede in 1975 from Papua New Guinea and proclaim the Republic of the North Solomons.
The secession is not recognized and in 1976 Bougainvulle is re-incorporated into Papua New Guinea.
On Bougainville Island, a new rebellion has been underway from early 1989 until a truce comes into effect in 1997 and a permanent cease-fire is signed in 1998. A peace agreement between the Papua New Guinea government and ex-combatants is signed in 2001. Under the eyes of a regional peace-monitoring force and a UN observer mission, the government and provincial leaders have established an interim administration and are working toward complete surrender of weapons, the election of a provincial government and an eventual referendum on independence.
Bougainville gets a special status inside Papua New Guinea, of which it is nowadays still part
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| #9Oman (Imamate)
| In the interior of Muscar and Oman exists between 1913 and 1957 a separate Imami government of Oman, usually in opposition to the sultan's rule. Most of the time Abu `Abd Allah Muhammad ibn `Abd Allah al-Khalili al-Kharusi is imam. He is succeeded in 1954 by Ghalib ibn `Ali al-Hinawi. He leads a sporadic 5-year rebellion against the sultan's efforts to extend government control into the interior, but is defeated. The imamate is abolished in 1957. i>Nowadays the area is part of Oman.
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|
| #9Pacific Islands
| The German posessions in the Pacific Ocean, the Carolines, the Northern Marianas and the Marshall Islands become the Japanese League of Nations mandate of the Pacific Islands in 1920.
They are occupied by the United States in 1944 and become the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
In 1986 the Trust Territory is dissolved and Micronesia, , Marshall Islands and the Northern Marianas become seperate entities.
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|
| #9Panama Canal Zone
| At the independence of Panama from Colombia in 1903, Panama leases the Panama Canal Zone to the United States.
After 76 years the United States cede the Canal Zone in 1979 to Panama, of which it is nowadays still part.
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|
| #9Perlis
| The State of Perlis is established in 1759.
Perlis becomes a Thai protectorate in 1843 and a British protectorate in 1909. ???????
During World War II, between 1943 and 1945, Perlis is annexed by Thailand.
In 1946 Perlis merges with Johor, Kedah, Kelantan and Trengganu merge with Malaya and parts of Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) into the Federation of Malaya.
Nowadays Perlis is part of Malaysia.
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|
| #9Portuguese India
| Portugal conquers in 1505 the Indian city of Goa, followed by other cities in India.
The possesions are united into the Vice Royalty, later colony, of Portuguese India in 1558.
The vice-royalty includes many Portuguese colonies in and around the Indian Ocean.
Many of the posessions in India are taken by Britain in 1739, but some possesions remain under Portuguese control.
In 1951 the colony is restyled as an overseas province.
India occupies and annexes Portuguese India in 1961, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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|
| #9Rhodesia and Nyasaland
| The British dependencies of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyassaland are united by the United Kingdom in 1953 into the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
This is a federation of one colony and two protectorates.
In 1963 the federation is dissolved.
RHodesia and Nyasaland
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|
| #9Rif
| In Spanish Morocco Berber separatists proclaim in 1921 the independence of the Rif, under Emir Abd el-Krim. In 1923 the State of the Rif Republic (Dawlat al-Jumhuriyya ar-Rifiyya) is proclaimed under the presidency of Abd el-Krim. De facto this republic controls between 1923 and 1926 large parts of Spanish Morocco, but in 1926 the republic is defeated and extinguished.
Nowadays it is part of Morocco.
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|
| #9Rio Muni
| Since 1843 the Spanish colony of Fernando Póo also includes Río Muni, an area on the African continent. The colony is also known as Spanish Guinea.
Fernando Póo and Río Muni are officially united in 1926 into the colony of Spanish Guinea. This colony is divided in 1959 into the overseas provinces of Fernando Póo and Río Muni, but reunited as Equatorial Guinea in 1963, of which it is nowadays still a part. Equatorial Guinea becomes indepenent in 1968.
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| #9Ruanda-Urundi
| During World War I (in 1916) Belgium occupies the western parts of German East Africa.
These areas, Rwanda and Urundi, become in 1922 the League of Nations Mandate territory of Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian administration.
The territory is converted into a United Nations Trust Territory in 1946.
In 1960 Ruanda-Urundi recieves autonomy and in 1962 Rwanda and Burundi become separately independent.
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| #9Ryu Kyu
| In the fourtheenth century the Kingdom of Chuzan becomes a Chinese puppet state.
In the seventeenth century it becomes a joint Chinese/Japanese puppet state.
In 1879 the islands are annexed by Japan under the name Ryu Kyu.
In 1945 the islands are occupied by the United States and in 1951 Ryu Kyu, though it is nominally part of Japan, remains under United States administration.
The islands recieve self-government in 1952 and in 1953 Amami Oshima Island Group is returned to Japan.
#######
In 1967 most of the Ryu Kyu Islands, except for Okinawa and the Bonin islands, are returned to Japan.
This is followed in 1968 by the Bonin Islands.
Finally in 1972 Okinawa reverts to Japanese sovereignty as a prefecture, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| #9Saar
| After the German defeat in World War I France occupies the Saar region of Germany
The Saar becomes a territory under supervision of the League of Nations in 1920.
A parliament with only consultative tasks is established.
The Saar is re-incorporporated into Germany in 1935.
After World War II Saar becomes a seperate polity aligned with France as Saarland in 1946.
Saarland is a parliamentary democracy, although pro-German parties are not allowed.
In 1957 Saarland joins Germany, of which it is nowadays still a federal state.
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| #9Sahara (French)
| In 1957 France secedes the southern parts from Algeria and establishes the separate territory of Sahara, part of mainland France.
At the independence of Algeria in 1962, Sahara becomes part of Algeria, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| #9Sarawak
| Sarawak becomes independent from Brunei in 1841, ruled by a British officer James Brooke.
In 1888 Sarawak becomes a British protectorate.
Between 1941 and 1945 Sarawak is occupied by Japan.
After the liberation it becomes a crown colony in 1946.
It gets self-government in 1956 and has parliamentary democratic institutions.
In 1963 Sarawak becomes one of the constituent parts of Malaysia, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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|
| #9Serbia
| (former) name of the main part of Serbia and Montenegro.
The editor considers Yugoslavia and later Serbia and Montenegro as the successor of Serbia.
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| #9Sikkim
| In 1642 the 'Bras-ljongs (Sikkim) Kingdom established.
Between 1793 and 1817 Sikkim is part of Nepal. That year it becomes a British protectorate, which is recognized by China in 1890 and by Tibet in 1904.
Sikkim is granted autonomy in 1918. The British protectorate is replaced by an Indian protectorate in 1947 (de jure in 1950). The abdication of Maharaja When dPaldan Don-grub rNam-rgyal in 1974 and the premiership of Kazi Lhendup Dorji of the National Congress Party (NCP), give way for the the formal annexation of Sikkim to India in 1975, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| #9South Moluccas
| In resistance to newly independent Indonesia separatists proclaim he Republic of South Moluccas in 1951.
The republic is extinguished by Indonesia in 1952 and re-incorporated into that country, of which it is nowadays still a part.
A republican government in exile resides in the Netherlands.
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| #9South Ossetia
| 1801/06 Ossetia annexed by Russian Empire.
Mar 1918 Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Jan 1921 Part of the Mountain Autonomous Republic.
20 Apr 1922 South (Yugo-)Ossetian Autonomous Oblast part of Georgian S.S.R.
1989 South Ossetia declares itself to be part of Russian S.F.S.R.
11 Dec 1990 Georgia abolishes autonomous status of South Ossetia.
28 Nov 1991 South Ossetia declares independence (not internationally
recognized).
Apr 1992 Status restored to autonomous region by Georgian government;
rebellion continues.
24 Aug 1995 Renamed Tshkhinvali Region by Georgian government.
Chairmen of Parliament
28 Nov 1991 - 1992 Snaur Gassiyev
1992 - Sep 1993 Torez Kulumbegov
Sep 1993 - 27 Nov 1996 Lyudvig Chibirov (b. 1932)
Presidents
27 Nov 1996 - 18 Dec 2001 Lyudvig Chibirov (s.a.)
18 Dec 2001 - Eduard Dzhambeyevich Kokoyty (b. 1964)
(Eduard Kokev)
Prime ministers
28 Nov 1991 - Sep 1993 Oleg Teziyev
1993 - 1994 Gerasim Georgyevich Khugayv? (b. 1945)
(Rezo Khugaev)
1994 - 1995 Feliks Zassyev?
1995 - 24 Sep 1996 Vladislav Nikolayvich Gabarayev
1996 - 1998 Aleksandr Apollonovich Shavlokhov
1998 - Jun 2001 Merab Ilyich Chigoyev
14 Jun 2001 - Dec 2001 Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoyev (b. 1969)
Dec 2001 - Aug 2003 Gerasim Khugayev (b. 1945)
(acting to 9 Jan 2002)
17 Sep 2003 - Igor Viktorovich Sanakoyev (b. 1947)
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| #9South Vietnam
| At the end of the Japanese occupation of Vietnam, Japan establishes 1945 the Vietnam Empire. This empire collapses later that year and in Vietnam the communist Democratic People's Republic of Vietnam is proclaimed. France recaptures the south in 1945 and in 1946 the south becomes the independent state Republic of Vietnam, also known as the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina. Vietnam is restyled the Empire of Vietnam in 1949 under Bao Dai and becomes a French associated state. This division if formalized in 1954 by the Treaty of Geneva
In 1955 the emperor is forced to abdicate and Vietnam is renamed Republic of Vietnam under the dictator Ngô Dinh Diêm of the Front of National Salvation, later the Can Lao Party. Since 1961 the communist Viet Cong Movement controlls large parts of the country. In 1963 Diem is succeeded by the Revolutionary Military Committee under Dùóng Van Minh and Nguyên Khanh.
Between 1964 and 1975 the DPR of Vietnam supports military the Viet Cong and a bloody war between that side and the republic, supported by the United States, is going on. From 1965 until 1975 Vietnam is ruled by president Nguyên Van Thiêu. He founds in 1968 the National Social Democratic Front. Though he allows presidential and parliamentary elections, his regime is essentially an authoriarian one. In 1973 the United States withdraw from Vietnam and in 1975 the Viet Cong captures the capital. The state is renamed Republic of South Vietnam under president Hùynh Tât Phát and it unites with the DPR of Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| #9Spanish Morocco
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Morocco has to accept in 1912 the divsion of the country in three zones.
One of these zones is the Spanish Zone, in which Morocco is a Spanish protectorate.
This protectorate lasts until 1956, when Morocco regains independence.
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| #9Sulu
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The Sultanate of Sulu, existing since 1789, gets in 1914 an U.S. administration, except for the formal suzerainity over British North Borneo.
In 1914 Sulu gets civil government.
The sultan cedes this islands in 1940 to the Philippines, of which it is still part.
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| #9Suvadiva
| In a part of the Maldives Britain supports the formation of the United Suvadiva Republic in 1959 on the Addu Atoll, Fua Mulaku and Huvadu. Abdullah Afif Didi becomes president.
The republic is extinguished in 1963. Nowadays it is part of the Maldives.
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| #9Tangier
| Morocco has to accept in 1912 the divsion of the country in three zones.
One of these zones is Tangier, a city that comes under international protectorate.
It is occupied by Spanish Morocco between 1940 and 1945.
This international administration lasts until 1956, when Tangier becomes part of independent Morocco, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| #9Tannu Tuva
| The Mongolian area of Tannu Tuva becomes independent as the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva in 1921,
Tannu Tuva is renamed Tuvinian People's Republic in 1926.
Independence ends in 1944 incorporated when the republic is incorporated into the USSR.
Nowadays it is part of Russia.
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| #9Tibet
| As far as known Tibet, in the south west of what is now China gets its first king in .......
Tibet is an absolute monarchy, but in the ninth century Tibet is divided into diverse buddhist states.
After the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century a centralized b>Tibet is established.
In 1270 Tibet becomes a state under suzeranity of China.
Since the fifteenth century Tibet develops into a buddhist theocracy.
In 1717 Tibet is occupied by Dzhungaria, but the Dzhungarians are driven out in 1720 when China occupies Tibet and incorporates it in China.
Forms of limited autonomy are allowed.
In 1912 Tibet secedes from China in 1912 and declares itself unilaterally independent under the Dalai Lama.
This independence is not recognized by China. The state becomes a mix of a theocracy with limited democracy.
In 1950 China occupies Tibet and annexes it in 1951. The government of Tibet continues in exile in India.
Nowadays it is a autonomous region of China.
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| #9Transcaucasia
| In 1922 the communist states of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia unite as the Federative Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia, later that year renamed Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
The TSFSR becomes that year a founding component of the USSR.
The constituent states regain independence in 1991.
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| #9Transkei
| In 1976 the Republic of Transkei is established by South Africa as a socalled independent state, ruled as a dictatorship.
After the end of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, the region is re-incorporated into South Africa, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| #9Transsylvania
| After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I the eastern part of Hungary, populated by a mix of Hungarians, Romanians and other ethnicities, declares itself independent in 1918 as Transsylvania.
In 1919 Transylvania is incorporated into Romania, of which it is nowadays still a part..
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| #9Trengganu
| In 1727 the State of Trengganu is established.
Trengganu is a Thai protectorate between 1843 and 1909 and a British protectorate between 1909 and 1946.
Between 1943 and 1945 Trengganu is annexed by Thailand.
In 1946 Trengganu merges with Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Malaya and parts of Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) into the Federation of Malaya.
Nowadays Trengganu is part of Malaysia.
| | #9Trieste
| In 1947 the allied countries and Yugoslavia establish the Free Territory of Trieste.
The territory is divided in 1954 between Italy and Yugoslavia.
Nowadays Trieste is divided between Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.
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| | #9United Arab Republic
| In 1958 Egypt and Syria merge into the ted Arab Republic.
In 1961 Syria secedes from the United Arab Republic. Egypt keeps the name of United Arab Republic until 1971.
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| | #9Upper Juba
| Jubaland, a Somali populated area of Kenya is by Great Britain to Italy in 1925. It becomes the colony of Upper Juba and is annexed to Italian Somalia in 1926. Nowadays Jubaland is part of Somalia.
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| | #9Venda
| In 1979 the Republic of Venda is established by South Africa as a socalled independent state, ruled as a dictatorship.
After the end of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, the region is re-incorporated into South Africa, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| | #9Vientiane
| In 1713 disagreement on the succession of the king led to the division of Lan Xang into Luang Prabang, the Kingdom of Vientiane (also known as Wiang Chhan) and Champasak.
Vientiane is occupied by Siam between 1779 and 1782 and annexed by Siam in 1828.
In 1887 it becomes a French colony and part of French Indochina.
France incorporates Vientiane in 1941 into the protectorate of Luang Prabang.
Nowadays it is part of Laos.
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| | #9Weihaiwei
| In 1898 China leases Weihaiwei to Britain.
The area is returned in 1930 to China, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| | Western Ukraine
| The western part of what is now Ukraine is part of the Austrian province of Galicia until 1918.
After the collapse of Ausitra at the end of World War I in 1918, the region proclaims independece as the Ukrainian State.
Later that year the country is renamed Western Ukraine, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, and in 1919 it is incorporated into Ukraine.
Large parts of the regions are shortly after that, in 1921, incorporated into Poland.
At the end of World War II (1945) the region is incorporated into the USSR as part of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic.
Nowadays it is part of Ukraine.
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| | #9West Papua
| Since 1602 Dutch colonists settle in the area that is now West Papua and name it New Guinea.
New Guinea becomes a province of the Netherlands Indies in 1828 and shares it history.
At the independence of Indonesia, Netherlands New Guinea becomes a separate Dutch colony in 1949.
Netherlands New Guinea recieves autonomy in 1954 and in 1961 Netherlands New Guinea is remaned West Papua.
Due to Indonesian claims and United States pressure West Papua is put in 1962 under United Nations administration.
This is followed by Indonesian temporary authority in 1963 and annexation by Indonesia in 1969, of which it is nowadays still a part.
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| | #9Windward Islands
| In 1833 Britain forms out of a part of its colonies in the Carribean, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent, the colony of the Windward Islands, named Federal Colony of the Windward Islands since 1885.
The Windward Islands become the Territory of the Windward Islands in 1956.
The constituent parts of this territory become part of the British West Indies in 1958.
The territory itself is dissoveld in 1960.
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| | #9Yemen (South)
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The south of present-day Yemen becomes in de seventh century part of the Caliphate of Bagdhad.
It remains under Arab control until 1538, when the Yemenite city of Aden is acquired by the Ottoman Empire.
Yemen restores control over the city in 1630, but in 1728 the Arab tribes in this region become independent from Yemen (also called Qasimi).
In 1839 the United Kingdom acquires Aden and adds it to British India.
Between 1862 and 1888 the small states between Yemen and Oman accept a British protectorate, officially called Aden protectorate from 1873 on.
In 1937 the British possessions of Aden and surroundings are separated from British India and form the Colony and Protectorates of Aden.
The United Kingdom separates parts of the protectorates of Aden in 1959 to form the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South.
Three years later, in 1962, Aden and the Arab Emirates of the South are re-united by the United Kingdom into the Federation of South Arabia.
South Arabia becomes independent in 1967 as the People's Republic of South Yemen with Kahtan Muhammad al-Sha'bi of the National Liberation Front as president.
In 1969 al-Sha'bi is removed from office and a socialist collective takes power.
South Yemen becomes a dictatorship in 1969 and is renamed People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1970.
(South) Yemen is a one-party state ruled by the Marxist Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, later remaned Yemen Socialist Party.
Presidents are Salim Rubay 'Ali (1969-1978) , 'Abd al-Fattah Isma'il (1978-1980) and Muhammad Ali Nasir (1980- ....).
In 1990 (South) Yemen is incorporated into Yemen, of which it nowadays still is the southern part.
Former South Yemen
British influence increased in the south and eastern portion of Yemen after the British captured the port of Aden in 1839. It was ruled as part of British India until 1937, when Aden was made a crown colony with the remaining land designated as east Aden and west Aden protectorates. By 1965, most of the tribal states within the protectorates and the Aden colony proper had joined to form the British-sponsored federation of south Arabia.
In 1965, two rival nationalist groups--the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) and the National Liberation Front (NLF)--turned to terrorism in their struggle to control the country. In 1967, in the face of uncontrollable violence, British troops began withdrawing, federation rule collapsed, and NLF elements took control after eliminating their FLOSY rivals. South Arabia, including Aden, was declared independent on November 30, 1967, and was renamed the People's Republic of South Yemen. In June 1969, a radical wing of the Marxist NLF gained power and changed the country's name on December 1, 1970, to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). In the PDRY, all political parties were amalgamated into the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), which became the only legal party. The PDRY established close ties with the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and radical Palestinians.
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| | #9Zanzibar
| The island of Zanzibar becomes an important Arab trade port in the middle ages.
In 1806 Zanzibar is acquired by Oman.
The Sultan of Oman makes Zanzibar the capital of his sultanate in 1840, thus forming the Sultanate of Zanzibar
Zanzibar becomes independent in 1861 when the Sultanate of Zanzibar is founded.
In 1888 it leases some coastal territories to Germany (see German East Africa).
The independence lasts until 1890 when it becomes a British protectorate.
In 1895 it loses coastal domains of what is now Tanzania and Kenya.
In 1963 the protectorate is terminated and the Sultanate of Zanzibar becomes independent.
After a revolution in 1964 the sultan is deposed and Zanzibar becomes the People's Republic of Zanzibar, a one-party state under the Afro-Shirazi Party of Abeid Amani Karume.
Later that year Zanzibar unites with Tanganyika in the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, later that year renamed into the United Republic of Tanzania, of which it is nowadays still a part..
Zanzibar
An early Arab/Persian trading center, Zanzibar fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but was retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labor.
The Arabs established their own garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa and carried on a lucrative trade in slaves and ivory. By 1840, Said had transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar and established a ruling Arab elite. The island's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the island.
Zanzibar's spices attracted ships from as far away as the U.S. A U.S. consulate was established on the island in 1837. The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the slave trade. In 1822, the British signed the first of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited.
The Anglo-German agreement of 1890 made Zanzibar and Pemba a British protectorate. British rule through a Sultan remained largely unchanged from the late 19th century until after World War II.
Zanzibar's political development began in earnest after 1956, when provision was first made for the election of six nongovernmental members to the Legislative Council. Two parties were formed: the Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP), representing the dominant Arab and "Arabized" minority, and the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), led by Abeid Karume and representing the Shirazis and the African majority.
The first elections were held in July 1957. The ASP won three of the six elected seats, with the remainder going to independents. Following the election, the ASP split; some of its Shirazi supporters left to form the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party (ZPPP). The January 1961 election resulted in a deadlock between the ASP and a ZNP-ZPPP coalition.
Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom on December 19, 1963, as a constitutional monarchy under the sultan. On January 12, 1964, the African majority revolted against the sultan and a new government was formed with the ASP leader, Abeid Karume, as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Under the terms of its political union with Tanganyika in April 1964, the Zanzibar Government retained considerable local autonomy.
On April 26, 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, this was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on October 29, 1964.
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New entities to be added:
Acre
Aden protecorates
Ajache-Ipo
Alada
Agbome
Australian Anatrctic Territory
Awba
Benin (ii)
British Antarctic Territory
Bundu
Buryatia
Courland
Daghestan
Dali'
Gaguz-Yeri
Galapagos
Ghalgat
Guma
Gumel
Hutsul
Idel-Ural
Igala
Ikaria
Inner Mongolia
Jammu and Kashmir
Jima
Komancza
Kontagura
Mandara
Masina
Mirdita
Misan
Mustane
Mutayr
Nachichevan
Negros
N'gabu
Nupe
Obioko
Potaiskum
Queen Maud Land
Rodd Dependency
Siberia
Sokoto
Songhay
South-Western Caucasus
Suez Canal Zone
Tientsin
Transsylvania
Wada'i
Western Ukraine
Yawuri
Zamfara
Unclear to be added
Ajman, Sharjah, Ras al Khaimah, Kalba, Umm al-Qaiwan
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