Aragon
Arawaks
Ashanti
Assyria
Avarians
Aztecs
Babylonia
Bactria
Benin	In the south central part of present-day Nigeria, as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, the kingdom of Benin develops an efficient army; an elaborate ceremonial court and artisans whose works in ivory, wood, bronze, and brass are prized throughout the world today.
The Caliphate	Former empire founded in ...., by .....
Caribs
Carthago	Around 800 BC Phoenicians settle in present-day Tunisia and found the state of Carthago. Carthago becomes a major sea power, clashing with the Roman EMpire for control of the Mediterranean. Carthago is destroyed during three wars between 246 and 146 BC.
Celts
Cordoba
Dacia
Dzungaria
Egypt	The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allows for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified Kingdom of Egypt arises circa 3200 BC and a series of dynasties rule in Egypt for the next three millennia. The country enlarges and temporarely incorporates large parts of present-day Sudan and the Middle East. From 925 BC Egypt is ruled by Faraos originating from other nations, but these accept the Egyptian culture. From now on there also periods of disunification. Egypt is re-united in 746 BC. In 664 BC parts of Northern Egypt are occupied by Assyria. The Nubians govern the rest of Egypt, followed by other dynasties. Egypt is conquered by Persia in 525 BC, that rules Egypt until 404 BC, when it regains independence. Persia recaptures Egypt in 343, but in 332 BC Egypt is incorporated into Macedon. After the division of the Macedonian Empire in 310 BC, Egypt becomes the basis of the Ptolemaian Empire. Egypt is incorporated into the Roman Empire in 51 BC as a protectorate in which the Ptolemeans remain in office. The classical Egyptian independence has come to an end.
East Roman Empire
Frankish Realm	Around 256 the Germanic tribe of the Franks enter the Roman Empire and since 296 they rule the area as defender of the border of the Roman Empire. This culminates in the forming of the Frankish Realm. The northern part of the Frankish Realm becomes a Germanic speaking area, whereas the south remains a Romanic speaking area. In 486 Clovis I, leader of the germanic tribe of the Franks, conquers the Roman territory between the Loire and the Somme, subsequently unites most of northern and central France under his rule and adopts roman catholicism as the main religion. The Frankish Realm becomes an independent state, but in 639 the country is divided in Austrasia and Neustria. Both kingdoms are reunited in 719. In 751 the Carolingian dynasty comes to power with Pepin the Short, but his succesor, Charlemagne reunites in 771 the Frankish domains. The Frankish Realm includes also large parts of what is now includes large parts of Gaule and what is now Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland. Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the Romans, or Roman Emperor in the West, by Pope Leo III in 800. In 843 the Frankish Empire is divided into the Eastern Frank Empire, later continued by the German Empire, the Middle Frankish Empie and the Eastern Frankish Empire, later continued by the France.
Fulbe
Genoa
Ghana	After the fourth century present-day Mali becomes the centre of Ghana. Ghana, dominated by the Soninke or Saracolé people and centered in the area along the Malian-Mauritanian frontier, is a powerful trading state from about 700 to 1075.
Goths
Greek Cities	Greek tribes enter present-day Greece since 1900 BC. The first (primitive) state structures are established from 1400 BC on. Since 900 the first city states are formed and around 754 BC Sparta becomes the leading Greek state, followed in 720 BC by Athens as second leading Greek state. Since that time most of the Greek polities are aligned with either Athens either Sparta. Athens has generally democratic structures, Sparta is ruled in a authoritarian way. In the upcoming centuries Greece is dominated by wars between Athens and Sparta and between these cities and Persia. From 346 BC Macedon rules over Greece, whereby Macedon develops into an Hellenic kingdom. In 197 BC Greece liberates itself from Macedon, but in 146 BC Greece it becomes a province of the Roman Empire as the Egian province.
Gupta Empire
Hettites
Huns
Illyrians
Inca	In 1438 the Quechua found the Inca Empire, including large parts of South America. The Inca Empire is a highly civilized absolute monarchy. In 1527 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro discovers the Inca Empire. The Spanish capture the Incan capital at Cuzco by 1533 and consolidated their control by 1542.
Jerusalem
Kanem-Bornu
Kokand
Kushan Empire
Lombardy	The East Romans are defeated in Italy between 568 and 572 by the germanic tribe of the Lombards. The Kingdom of the Lombards is a fact for two centuries. Lombardy is conquered by the Franks in 774.
Macedon	The ancient kingdom of Macedon includes, in addition to the areas of present-day Macedonia, large parts of present-day northern Greece and southwestern Bulgaria. This ancient kingdom reaches its height during the reign of Alexander III ("the Great"), who extends Macedon's influence over most of Asia Minor, the Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and even parts of India. After Alexander's death in 323 BC the Macedon Empire gradually declined, until it was conquered in 168 BC by the Roman Empire and made a province of this empire in 148 BC.
Magadha	Between 273 BC and 232 BC Northern India is united in the Principality of Magadha. In the upcoming centuries Magadha loses control, but in the 4th century most of Northern India is reunited in Magadha. During this period, known as India's Golden Age, hindu culture and political administration reached new heights. Around 500 the Huns destroy the Magadha state.
Majapahit	By the 14th century, the hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gadjah Mada, the empire's chief minister from 1331 to 1364, succeeds in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well.
Mali	The Malinke Kingdom of Mali has its origins on the upper Niger River in the 11th century. Expanding rapidly in the 13th century under the leadership of Soundiata Keita, it reaches its height about 1325, when it conquers Timbuktu and Gao. Thereafter the kingdom declines and by the 15th century, it controls only a small fraction of its former domain.
Mandingo
Maya Empire	Between around 2000 BC and 100O present-day Guatemala is the centre of the Maya EmpireM.a>. The Maya civilization flourishes throughout much of Guatemala and the surrounding region long before the Spanish arrive, but it was already in decline when the Mayans are defeated by Pedro de Alvarado in 1523-24.
Media	Around 1200 BC in the west of the present-day Iran Media is founded. Media becomes a Assyrian vasal around 900 BC, but in 630 Media regains independence. The east of the area is inhabited by Persian tribes. In 559 BC Cyrus the Great unites the Persian tribes and Media into Persia.
Mogul	In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan sweep across the Khyber Pass and establish the Empire of the Great Mogul in 1526, also known as the Empire of Hind, which lasted for 200 years. Hind controls most of todays India. In the seventeenth century, the British East India Company opens permanent trading stations at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, each under the protection of native rulers. The British expand their influence until, by the 1850s, they controll most of present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In 1857, a rebellion in north India led by mutinous Indian soldiers causes Britain to transfer all political power from the East India Company to the Crown. After the final collapse of the Mogul state in 1858, the United Kingdom formally annexes the Empire and creates British India.
Oyo	In the southwest of present-day Nigeria, the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo is founded about 1400 and at its height from the 17th to 19th centuries attains a high level of political organization and extended as far as modern Togo.
Parthia
Persia	Around 1200 BC in the west of the present-day Iran Media is founded. Media becomes a Assyrian vasal around 900 BC, but in 630 Media regains independence. The east of the area is inhabited by Persian tribes. In 559 BC Cyrus the Great unites the Persian tribes and Media into Persia. Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia in 328 and in 312 Persia becomes part of the Seleucidian Empire. From 250 BC Persia is ruled by Parthia and in 226 BC Persia regains independence under the Sassanides. In 642 a long period of foreign rule starts and it lasts until 1501 when Iran regains independence.
Phoenicians
Prussia
Ptolemaic Empire
Roman Empire	According to legends Rome is founded in 753 BC and becomes a kingdom. Monarchy is replaced by a republic in 509 BC. The Roman state enlarges its territory in the upcoming centuries. Around 396 BC Rome incorporates Etruria and from 227 most of present-day Italy. Italy is the central part of the Roman empire, that at its supreme moment includes large parts of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The Roman Empire gets divided in two empires in 395: the West Roman Empire and the East Roman Empire. The West Roman Empire is defeated by germanic tribes under Odoaker in 476. The imperial crown is later continied by the Frankish Empire and the German Empire
Rus'
The Saljuq state
Scythians
Seleucidian Empire
Sokoto
Songhai	The Songhai Empire expands its power from its center in Gao during the period 1465-1530. At its peak under Askia Mohammad I, it encompasses the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. It is destroyed by a Moroccan invasion in 1591.
Srivijaya	During the 7th-14th centuries, the buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourishes on Sumatra. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reaches as far as West Java and the Malay peninsula.
Teutonic Knights
Thracia
Tiahuanaco Empire
Timurid Empire
Toltecs
Vandals
Venice
Vikings and Normans	The Germanic tribes that populated Scandinavia since the seventeenth century BC evolve the tribe of the Vikings. In the seventh, eight and ninth century the Vikings rule large areas around the north, conquer Ireland and Normandy and explorer even Turkey, Sicily, Russia and North America. In the ninth century the Viking states develop into the modern Scandinavian countries.
Wolof